Table 2 Factors associated with low-level viremia at 6, 12 and 18 months among people living with HIV in Rwanda: Bivariate analysis

Received DSMD

 No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Yes

2.0(1.06,3.83)

0.031

1.5(0.80,2.73)

0.210

0.8(0.35,1.84)

0.612

2.0(1.07,3.84)

0.031

1.5(0.80,2.73)

0.210

0.8(0.35,1.84)

0.612

Age

 18–24

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 25–34

0.7(0.21,2.69)

0.652

1.2(0.12,10.8)

0.897

–

–

0.7(0.20,2.69)

0.652

2.4(0.29,19.9)

0.416

1.9(0.39,9.81)

0.433

 35–44

0.9(0.27,3.19)

0.902

1.3(0.14,11.8)

0.823

–

–

0.9(0.27,3.19)

0.902

2.6(0.32,21.6)

0.363

1.2(0.22,6.57)

0.840

 45–54

0.6(0.12,2.66)

0.467

1.3(0.13,12.7)

0.833

–

–

0.6(0.11,2.66)

0.467

2.6(0.30,23.0)

0.381

0.8(0.08,8.16)

0.841

 ≥55

0.7(0.15,3.36)

0.670

0.6(0.03,10.8)

0.729

–

–

0.7(0.15,3.36)

0.670

–

–

–

Sex

 Female

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Male

1.8(1.06,2.95)

0.030

1.1(0.61,1.96)

0.769

1.5(0.68,3.40)

0.298

1.7(1.03,2.84)

0.039

1.1(0.61,1.96)

0.762

1.5(0.70,3.41)

0.293

Education

 No education

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Primary

1.0(0.61,1.75)

0.896

0.6(0.32,1.16)

0.135

0.7(0.30,1.65)

0.425

1.1(0.62,1.77)

0.848

0.5(0.29,1.05)

0.072

0.7(0.30,1.60)

0.391

 Secondary

0.6(0.13,2.45)

0.446

0.4(0.05,2.55)

0.299

0.4(0.03,6.21)

0.509

0.6(0.13,2.48)

0.456

0.3(0.04,2.44)

0.269

0.4(0.02,6.20)

0.502

 Tertiary

–

–

–

–

–

–

HIV status disclosed

 No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Yes

0.9(0.55,1.54)

0.739

1.2(0.68,2.29)

0.476

1.0(0.44,2.33)

0.967

0.9(0.55,1.56)

0.781

1.3(0.68,2.32)

0.454

1.0(0.45,2.37)

0.933

Adherence

 < 90%

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 ≥ 90%

0.8(0.44,1.43)

0.444

0.7(0.39,1.35)

0.310

2.3(0.32,11.1)

0.407

0.7(0.40,1.11)

0.124

0.7(0.42,1.31)

0.303

1.5(0.50,4.36)

0.473

Advance HIV disease

 No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Yes

0.7(0.39,1.28)

0.250

0.7(0.36,1.32)

0.267

0.7(0.27,1.59)

0.350

0.7(0.45,1.28)

0.303

0.8(0.45,1.46)

0.491

0.9(0.38,2.09)

0.790