Table 3 Factors associated with low-level viremia at 6, 12 and 18 months among people living with HIV in Rwanda: multivariable analysis

Received DSDM

 No

1

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 Yes

2.8(1.15,6.91)

0.024

2.3(0.93,5.75)

0.071

0.3(0.09,1.20)

0.093

2.1(1.11,4.12)

0.023

1.5(0.77,3.03)

0.229

0.4(0.14,1.06)

0.063

Age

 18–24

1

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 25–34

3.4(0.39,30.3)

0.269

0.8(0.20,2.95)

0.700

0.9(0.15,5.83)

0.955

5.4(0.05,633)

0.485

1.1(0.38,3.17)

0.862

2.7(0.43,16.8)

0.291

 35–44

3.1(0.34,28.1)

0.318

1.0(0.28,3.91)

0.937

0.8(0.30,2.28)

0.709

3.8(0.03,435)

0.584

1.4(0.62,3.07)

0.428

1.6(0.37,6.52)

0.540

 45–54

–

1.2(0.36,5.53)

0.714

–

3.4(0.03,420)

0.611

0.6(0.14,2.70)

0.519

0.2(0.00,19.2)

0.516

 ≥55

2.0(0.13,31.5)

0.620

–

–

5.1(0.04,653)

0.510

–

–

–

–

Sex

 Female

1.0

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 Male

1.4(0.77,2.46)

0.274

1.4(0.66,2.90)

0.393

2.5(0.76,8.02)

0.134

2.7(1.59,4.54)

0.002

0.8(0.42,1.54)

0.516

2.6(1.12,5.90)

0.026

Education

 No education

1.0

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 Primary

0.8(0.36,1.92)

0.675

0.6(0.26,1.26)

0.163

0.6(0.21,1.85)

0.399

1.6(0.95,2.73)

0.073

0.6(0.33,1.08)

0.089

0.8(0.31,2.18)

0.692

 Secondary

0.9(0.08,2.40)

0.350

0.6(0.15,2.64)

0.529

–

0.4(0.03,4.16)

0.425

0.3(0.04,2.23)

0.244

–

 Tertiary

–

–

–

–

–

HIV status disclosed

 No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 Yes

0.9(0.49,1.62)

0.718

1.3(0.61,2.58)

0.530

2.6(0.35,18.7)

0.354

0.7(0.47,1.17)

0.200

1.5(0.78,2.99)

0.218

1.2(0.39,3.87)

0.730

Adherence

 < 90%

1.0

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 ≥ 90%

0.6(0.31,1.18)

0.140

0.8(0.40,1.83)

0.700

1.9(0.54,18.6)

0.304

0.4(0.25,0.74)

0.002

0.7(0.42,1.28)

0.121

1.0(0.21,4.98)

0.972

Advance HIV disease

 No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1

1

1

 Yes

0.5(0.40,5.85)

0.521

2.0(0.37,11.1)

0.413

0.5(0.18,1.33)

0.161

0.6(0.35,1.02)

0.063

0.8(0.39,1.54)

0.472

0.8(0.34,2.05)

0.692