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Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort

From: Effectiveness of dolutegravir-based regimens compared to raltegravir-, elvitegravir-, bictegravir, and darunavir-based regimens among older adults with HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS)

 

Total (N = 1895)

DTG (N = 703, 37.1%)

BIC (N = 316, 16.7%)

EVG (N = 579, 30.6%)

RAL (N = 121, 6.4%)

DRV (N = 176, 9.3%)

P-valuea

A. ART-naïve

Age, median (IQR)

59 (55–64)

59 (55–64)

60 (56–65)

58 (54–63)

59 (55–65)

59 (54–65)

<0.001

Age (≥65), n (%)

423 (22)

157 (22)

86 (27)

113 (20)

24 (20)

43 (24)

0.096

Male, n (%)

1809 (95)

663 (94)

306 (97)

554 (96)

117 (97)

169 (96)

0.387

Race and Ethnicity, n (%)

      

0.271

Hispanic

116 (6)

34 (5)

20 (6)

33 (6)

13 (11)

16 (9)

 

Black, nonhispanic

1005 (53)

382 (54)

167 (53)

303 (52)

56 (46)

97 (55)

 

White, nonhispanic

671 (35)

243 (35)

113 (36)

215 (37)

47 (39)

53 (30)

 

Other/missing

103 (5)

44 (6)

16 (5)

28 (5)

5 (4)

10 (6)

 

Region

      

0.040

Midwest

277 (15)

107 (15)

54 (17)

73 (13)

19 (16)

24 (14)

 

Northeast

364 (19)

130 (18)

59 (19)

107 (18)

31 (26)

37 (21)

 

Southeast

742 (39)

289 (41)

111 (35)

244 (42)

47 (39)

51 (29)

 

Southwest

220 (12)

79 (11)

45 (14)

63 (11)

8 (7)

25 (14)

 

West

292 (15)

98 (14)

47 (15)

92 (16)

16 (13)

39 (22)

 

Smoking, n (%)

      

0.001

Current

957 (51)

371 (53)

134 (42)

286 (49)

75 (62)

91 (52)

 

Past

586 (31)

211 (30)

127 (40)

176 (30)

22 (18)

50 (28)

 

Never/Unknown

352 (19)

121 (17)

55 (17)

117 (20)

24 (20)

35 (20)

 

Alcohol use disorder (recent 12 m), n (%)

458 (24)

168 (24)

77 (24)

149 (26)

28 (23)

36 (20)

0.698

Drug use and dependence (recent 12 m), n (%)

313 (17)

116 (17)

50 (16)

89 (15)

26 (21)

32 (18)

0.528

Homeless (recent 12 m), n (%)

251 (13)

92 (13)

37 (12)

78 (13)

16 (13)

28 (16)

0.777

Statin, n (%)

446 (24)

200 (28)

96 (30)

101 (17)

27 (22)

22 (12)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl), median (IQR)

161 (134–188)

161 (132–187)

157 (136–182)

164 (139–189)

155 (121–175)

161 (135–193)

0.055

High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl), median (IQR)

39 (30–49)

39 (30–49)

39 (31–49)

39 (32–50)

37 (27–47)

36 (30–46)

0.373

Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl), median (IQR)

94 (72–116)

93 (71–114)

93 (71–116)

97 (76–118)

85 (63–112)

94 (76–118)

0.055

Triglyceride (mg/dl), median (IQR)

115 (84–168)

113 (85–169)

113 (79–162)

118 (85–166)

120 (86–188)

118 (92–160)

0.802

Hemoglobin (g/dl), median (IQR)

13 (12–15)

13 (12–15)

13 (12–14)

14 (12–15)

14 (12–15)

13 (11–14)

<0.001

A1C (%), median (IQR)

5.7 (5.4–6.2)

5.7 (5.4–6.2)

5.8 (5.3–6.2)

5.7 (5.3–6.1)

5.8 (5.5–6.4)

5.7 (5.4–6.2)

0.013

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR)

76 (60–94)

73 (60–94)

76 (60–94)

77 (60–95)

82 (60–98)

79 (60–94)

0.384

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), n (%)

433 (23)

171 (26)

73 (25)

131 (24)

25 (21)

33 (21)

0.677

Diabetes (ever), n (%)

404 (21)

169 (24)

77 (24)

90 (16)

39 (32)

29 (16)

<0.001

Diabetes (type 2), n (%)

402 (21)

168 (24)

77 (24)

89 (15)

39 (32)

29 (16)

<0.001

Hypertension, controlled, with Rx, n (%)

624 (33)

250 (36)

106 (34)

186 (32)

34 (28)

48 (27)

0.181

Hypertension, uncontrolled, n (%)

528 (28)

170 (24)

87 (28)

187 (32)

26 (21)

58 (33)

0.004

Cardiovascular disease (ever), n (%)

208 (11)

91 (13)

39 (12)

50 (9)

15 (12)

13 (7)

0.056

Hepatitis B virus infection (ever), n (%)

46 (2)

17 (2)

6 (2)

15 (3)

3 (2)

5 (3)

0.967

Hepatitis C virus infection (ever), n (%)

252 (13)

98 (14)

36 (11)

71 (12)

25 (21)

22 (12)

0.109

Major depression (ever), n (%)

428 (23)

183 (26)

68 (22)

115 (20)

26 (21)

36 (20)

0.092

Comorbidities, n (%)

      

<0.001

0

1151 (61)

385 (55)

269 (85)

356 (61)

51 (42)

90 (51)

 

1

349 (18)

121 (17)

20 (6)

126 (22)

33 (27)

49 (28)

 

≥2

395 (21)

197 (28)

27 (9)

97 (17)

37 (31)

37 (21)

 

CD4 (cells/uL), median (IQR)

318 (141–520)

334 (170–534)

316 (126–520)

358 (179–574)

294 (124–461)

159 (86–344)

<0.001

Viral load (copies/mL), median (IQR)

46,850 (9127–156,248)

46,800 (9885–146,500)

55,624 (6304–215000)

35,977 (9638–134,907)

38,810 (4420–142823)

70,800 (14,058–300500)

0.156

VACS index 2.0, median (IQR)

66 (57–77)

66 (57–78)

66 (58–78)

64 (55–74)

70 (60–80)

71 (61–84)

<0.001

Non-ARV co-medications (recent 12 m), median (IQR)

7 (3–12)

8 (3–14)

7 (3–13)

6 (2–11)

7 (4–12)

5 (1–10)

<0.001

 

Total (N = 13,807)

DTG (N = 5097, 36.9%)

BIC (N = 1765, 12.8%)

EVG (N = 3580, 25.9%)

RAL (N = 1486, 10.8%)

DRV (N = 1879, 13.6%)

P-valuea

B. ART-experienced

Age, median (IQR)

61 (56–67)

62 (57–67)

62 (57–68)

60 (55–66)

61 (56–67)

60 (55–65)

<0.001

Age (≥65), n (%)

4332 (31)

1747 (34)

670 (38)

992 (28)

475 (32)

448 (24)

<0.001

Male, n (%)

13,418 (97)

4952 (97)

1713 (97)

3480 (97)

1440 (97)

1833 (98)

0.829

Race and ethnicity, n (%)

      

<0.001

Hispanic

1014 (7)

297 (6)

154 (9)

278 (8)

162 (11)

123 (7)

 

Black, nonhispanic

6975 (51)

2627 (52)

822 (47)

1751 (49)

650 (44)

1125 (60)

 

White, nonhispanic

5260 (38)

1972 (39)

719 (41)

1390 (39)

626 (42)

553 (29)

 

Other/missing

558 (4)

201 (4)

70 (4)

161 (4)

48 (3)

78 (4)

 

Region

      

<0.001

Midwest

2027 (15)

740 (15)

250 (14)

570 (16)

242 (16)

225 (12)

 

Northeast

3195 (23)

1304 (26)

371 (21)

741 (21)

335 (23)

444 (24)

 

Southeast

4782 (35)

1679 (33)

646 (37)

1363 (38)

482 (32)

612 (33)

 

Southwest

1508 (11)

508 (10)

204 (12)

349 (10)

159 (11)

288 (15)

 

West

2295 (17)

866 (17)

294 (17)

557 (16)

268 (18)

310 (16)

 

Smoking, n (%)

      

<0.001

Current

6965 (50)

2575 (51)

819 (46)

1719 (48)

768 (52)

1084 (58)

 

Past

3912 (28)

1436 (28)

558 (32)

1061 (30)

381 (26)

476 (25)

 

Never/Unknown

2930 (21)

1086 (21)

388 (22)

800 (22)

337 (23)

319 (17)

 

Alcohol use disorder (recent 12 m), n (%)

2596 (19)

985 (19)

310 (18)

626 (17)

266 (18)

409 (22)

0.001

Drug use and dependence (recent 12 m), n (%)

2232 (16)

847 (17)

228 (13)

490 (14)

249 (17)

418 (22)

<0.001

Homeless (recent 12 m), n (%)

1291 (9)

459 (9)

133 (8)

320 (9)

126 (8)

253 (13)

<0.001

Statin, n (%)

5639 (41)

2232 (44)

825 (47)

1358 (38)

567 (38)

657 (35)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl), median (IQR)

172 (147–200)

172 (146–200)

174 (149–201)

175 (151–203)

163 (139–191)

172 (146–198)

<0.001

High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl), median (IQR)

43 (35–54)

44 (35–54)

46 (37–56)

44 (36–54)

41 (33–50)

42 (35–53)

<0.001

Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl), median (IQR)

97 (76–119)

97 (75–118)

98 (76–121)

99 (80–122)

92 (70–113)

96 (75–117)

<0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dl), median (IQR)

132 (91–199)

134 (92–202)

125 (89–177)

132 (91–196)

136 (92–209)

133 (93–207)

<0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dl), median (IQR)

14 (13–15)

14 (13–15)

14 (13–15)

14 (13–15)

14 (13–15)

14 (13–15)

<0.001

A1C (%), median (IQR)

5.6 (5.2–6.0)

5.6 (5.2–6.0)

5.6 (5.3–6.0)

5.6 (5.2–6.0)

5.7 (5.2–6.2)

5.6 (5.2–6.0)

<0.001

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR)

72 (60–91)

69 (59–89)

74 (60–92)

74 (60–91)

73 (59–91)

74 (60–93)

<0.001

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), n (%)

3265 (24)

1195 (23)

459 (26)

870 (24)

354 (24)

387 (21)

<0.001

Diabetes (ever), n (%)

3853 (28)

1480 (29)

476 (27)

874 (24)

505 (34)

518 (28)

<0.001

Diabetes (type 2), n (%)

3824 (28)

1470 (29)

468 (27)

871 (24)

504 (34)

511 (27)

<0.001

Hypertension, controlled, with prescriptions, n (%)

5835 (42)

2217 (43)

736 (42)

1432 (40)

648 (44)

802 (43)

0.016

Hypertension, uncontrolled, n (%)

2400 (17)

794 (16)

300 (17)

713 (20)

244 (16)

349 (19)

<0.001

Cardiovascular disease (ever), n (%)

2838 (21)

1116 (22)

362 (21)

580 (16)

387 (26)

393 (21)

<0.001

Hepatitis B virus infection (ever), n (%)

940 (7)

328 (6)

111 (6)

214 (6)

137 (9)

150 (8)

<0.001

Hepatitis C virus infection (ever), n (%)

3184 (23)

1290 (25)

255 (14)

610 (17)

515 (35)

514 (27)

<0.001

Major depression (ever), n (%)

5185 (38)

1920 (38)

692 (39)

1282 (36)

586 (39)

705 (38)

0.062

Comorbidities, n (%)

      

<0.001

0

2967 (21)

960 (19)

479 (27)

915 (26)

240 (16)

373 (20)

 

1

6686 (48)

2420 (47)

847 (48)

1815 (51)

677 (46)

927 (49)

 

≥2

4154 (30)

1717 (34)

439 (25)

850 (24)

569 (38)

579 (31)

 

CD4 (cells/uL), median (IQR)

541 (348–760)

554 (363–776)

610 (409–818)

559 (370–773)

498 (299–716)

434 (253–661)

<0.001

Viral load (copies/mL), median (IQR)

20 (20–40)

20 (20–40)

20 (20–40)

20 (20–41)

20 (20–40)

40 (20–385)

<0.001

Virologically suppressed, n (%)b

9613 (76)

3760 (79)

1306 (82)

2493 (76)

1026 (79)

1028 (62)

<0.001

Low-level viremia, n (%)b

926 (7)

345 (7)

95 (6)

225 (7)

88 (7)

173 (10)

<0.001

VACS index 2.0, median (IQR)

50 (40–63)

49 (39–63)

56 (48–66)

45 (36–57)

51 (41–65)

53 (42–68)

<0.001

Number of ARV regimens used before, median (IQR)

5 (2–10)

5 (3–10)

4 (2–9)

5 (2–9)

7 (3–12)

7 (3–13)

<0.001

Time on ARVs (years), median (IQR)

12 (7–18)

12 (7–18)

13 (8–19)

11 (6–17)

12 (6–18)

12 (6–18)

<0.001

Duration of preceding regimen (months), median (IQR)

60 (21–106)

65 (29–110)

57 (3–121)

59 (17–106)

63 (27–102)

50 (17–88)

<0.001

Non-ARV co-medications (recent 12 m), median (IQR)

9 (5–15)

9 (5–15)

8 (4–14)

8 (4–13)

10 (6–16)

9 (5–14)

<0.001

  1. DTG dolutegravir, BIC bictegravir, EVG elvitegravir, RAL raltegravir, DRV darunavir, PWH persons with HIV, CD4 clusters of differentiation 4, VACS the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, ARV antiretroviral, ART antiretroviral therapy, IQR interquartile range, Rx prescription, BMI body mass index
  2. aThe p-value, based on a Chi-squared test for categorical variables and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for numerical variables, assesses the difference of each variable across regimen groups
  3. bPercentages are calculated based on individuals with non-missing VL at baseline
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AIDS Research and Therapy

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