Table 1 Characteristics of participants with normal BMD^a at the baseline and their BMD status at the follow-up visit

Sex

Women

31 (72.1)

28 (90.3)

3 (9.7)

0.059

Men

12 (27.9)

8 (66.7)

4 (33.3)

Education

Lower than high school diploma

29 (69.1)

26 (89.7)

3 (10.3)

0.101

Diploma and higher

13 (30.9)

9 (69.2)

4 (30.8)

Current tobacco use

Yes

7 (16.7)

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

0.355

No

35 (83.3)

30 (85.7)

5 (14.3)

Hypogonadism

Yes

16 (38.1)

12 (75.0)

4 (25.0)

0.256

No

26 (61.9)

23 (88.5)

3 (11.5)

Activity level

Inactive

23 (54.8)

20 (87.0)

3 (13.0)

0.764

Minimally active

15 (35.7)

12 (80.0)

3 (20.0)

HEPA^b active

4 (9.5)

3 (75.0)

1 (25.0)

Baseline CD4+

≤ 350

3 (7.0)

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

0.407

> 350

40 (93.0)

36 (85.0)

6 (15.0)

Undetectable baseline HIV viral load (< 50 copies/ml)

Yes

37 (86.1)

30 (81.1)

7 (18.9)

0.244

No

6 (13.9)

6 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Age (years)

48.05 (7.51)

47.54 (7.70)

50.63 (6.32)

0.326

Body mass index

26.99 (5.67)

28.07 (5.51)

21.45 (2.29)

0.003

ART^cuse duration at baseline (months)

78.63 (33.84)

76.17 (32.03)

91.29 (42.49)

0.285

TBS^dscore at baseline

1.34 (0.08)

1.34 (0.08)

1.38 (0.04)

0.270

WBC^e

6.47 (1.79)

6.31 (1.68)

7.29 (2.22)

0.188

Median (IQR)

Median (IQR)

Median (IQR)

CD4 + at diagnosis

204 (123–427)

198 (107-393.5)

321 (170–462)

0.324

Baseline Osteocalcin (ng/mL)

4.2 (2.6–10.1)

3.6 (2.6–7.7)

16.1 (11.4–21.3)

0.004

Osteocalcin (ng/mL)

15.1 (7.3–25.5)

12.3 (5.3–24.1)

23.8 (20.6–42.9)

0.038

Baseline β-CTx^f(ng/mL)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.4 (0.3–0.8)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

0.011

β-CTx^f(ng/mL)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.4 (0.3–0.8)

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.161